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The Complete Guide to RSA Keys: Public-Key Cryptography Explained

RSA is the backbone of modern public-key cryptography. From TLS/HTTPS certificates to SSH authentication to PGP email encryption, RSA key pairs secure billions of connections every day. Our free RSA Key Generator creates 1024, 2048, or 4096-bit key pairs entirely in your browser — no server, no storage, no exposure.

How RSA Works

RSA is based on the mathematical difficulty of factoring the product of two large prime numbers. The process works as follows:

1. Two large prime numbers (p and q) are randomly selected
2. They are multiplied to produce the modulus n = p × q
3. A public exponent (usually 65537) is chosen
4. The public key is (n, e); the private key uses the modular inverse of e
5. Anyone with your public key can encrypt data that only your private key can decrypt

RSA Key Sizes and Security Levels

• 1024-bit: Deprecated. Broken by well-funded attackers. Do not use for production.
• 2048-bit: Current standard. NIST-recommended until at least 2030. Used in most TLS certificates.
• 4096-bit: Future-proof. Significantly more secure but ~4× slower operations. Recommended for long-lived keys.

Common Use Cases

• SSH authentication: Replace password login with RSA key-pair authentication (more secure, more convenient)
• TLS/HTTPS certificates: Web servers use RSA keys in their TLS certificates
• JWT signing: RS256 JWTs use RSA private keys for signing and public keys for verification
• PGP/GPG email encryption: RSA keys encrypt email content end-to-end
• Code signing: Proving that software hasn't been tampered with

Private Key Security

Your private key is the crown jewel — losing it or exposing it compromises everything protected by the key pair. Best practices:

• Store private keys with filesystem permissions 600 (owner read-only)
• Encrypt private keys with a passphrase at rest
• Never commit private keys to version control (add *.pem to .gitignore)
• Rotate keys periodically — most organizations rotate annually

For general password generation, see our Password Generator. To hash data, use our Hash Generator.